Learning Resources

ACLU. Family Surveillance by Algorithm. (2021)

Annie E. Casey Foundation. Kids Count Data Center. (2020)

Rachel Anspach. The Foster Care to Prison Pipeline: What It Is and How It Works. (May 25, 2018)

Rachel Blustain. ‘Where I Come From Doesn’t Determine Where I Will Go’: A Guide to Partnering With Parents to Break the Cycle of Intergenerational Foster Care Placement. (2018)

Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare. Criminal Justice Involvement of Families in Child Welfare. (2018)

Children's Bureau. Kinship Caregivers and the Child Welfare System. (2016)

Stephanie Clifford and Jessica Silver-Greenberg. Foster Care as Punishment: The New Reality of ‘Jane Crow'. (July 21, 2017)

Corporation for Supportive Housing. H.E.A.R.T. Alliance for Sustainable Families: Preliminary Evaluation Findings. (2015)

Benita Danzing & Jetta Bernier. Moving Kinship Care Forward in Massachusetts. (2011)

Joseph J. Doyle, Jr.. Child Protection and Adult Crime: Using Investigator Assignment to Estimate Causal Effects of Foster Care. (2007)

Andrea Estes and Laura Krantz. Scathing Audit Finds Department of Children and Families Failed to Report Crimes Against Children. (2017)

Conor Friedersdorf. In a Year, Child-Protective Services Checked Up on 3.2 Million Children. (Jul. 22, 2014)

Michelle Goldberg. Has Child Protective Services Gone Too Far?. (Sept. 30, 2015)

Human Rights Project for Girls, Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality. The Sexual Abuse to Prison Pipeline: The Girls’ Story. (2015)

Jill Lepore. Baby Doe. (Feb. 1, 2016)

Michael Levenson. Child-protection Agency is Making Progress, but Challenges Remain. (2018)

Amelia Lyte. Predictive Neglect and “Unfit” Mothers – When Having a Mental Illness Means the State Takes Your Child. (2018)

Melissa Lyttle. Foster Kids Face Tough Times After Age 18, National Public Radio, Inc.. (Apr. 7, 2010)

Collier Meyerson. For Women of Color, the Child Welfare System Functions like the Criminal Justice System. (2018)

Northeastern University School of Law, Law Office o8, in Conjunction with Citizens for Juvenile Justice, Intervention Opportunities: Supporting Child Welfare Involved Youth in Schools, Communities, and Beyond. (Mar. 24, 2022)

Northeastern University School of Law, Law Office 04, in partnership with Citizens for Juvenile Justice. Shattering the Cradle to Prison Pipeline: Compelling Data Transparency in the Massachusetts Child Welfare System. (March 31, 2021)

Chris Peak. Removing Children from Abusive Situations Isn’t Always the Answer. This Is. (2015)

Chris Peak. This Is How You End the Foster Care to Prison Pipeline. (2015)

Dorothy E. Roberts. Prison, Foster Care, and the Systemic Punishment of Black Mothers. (2012)

Dorothy E. Roberts. Race and Class in the Child Welfare System. (2013)

Dorothy E. Roberts. The Racial Geography of Child Welfare: Toward a New Research Paradigm. (2015)

Dorothy E. Roberts. Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare. (2002)

Dorothy E. Roberts. Torn Apart: Hoe the Child Welfare System Destroys Black Families -- and How Abolition Can Build a Safer World. (2022)

Christina White. Federally Mandated Destruction of the Black Family: The Adoption and Safe Families Act. (2006)

John M. Bridgeland, et. al. On the Front Lines of Schools: Perspectives of Teachers and Principals on the High School Dropout Problem. (June 2009)

Michelle Fine and Jessica Ruglis. Circuits and Consequences of Dispossession: The Racialized Realignment of the Public Sphere for U.S. Youth. (Apr. 2009)

Emily Herr, et al. Pushing Back Against School Pushout: Student Homelessness and Opportunities for Change. (Sept. 2018)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Chapter 222 of the Acts of 2012: An Act Relative to Student Access to Educational Services and Exclusion from School. (Nov. 2012)

Massachusetts Office of the State Auditor. Audit of the Collaborative for Educational Services. (July 2021)

Heather L. Schwartz, et al. Expanded Measures of School Performance. (2001)

Gordon Bazemore and Mara Schiff. Juvenile Justice Reform and Restorative Justice: Building Theory and Policy from Practice. (2005)

Gordon Bazemore and Lode Walgrave. Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime. (1999)

James Bell and Raquel Mariscal. Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Juvenile Justice. (2011)

Jay Blitzman. Gault's Promise Revisited: The Search For Due Process. (June 2018)

Jay Blitzman. The State of Juvenile Justice. (2018)

Scott W. Henggeler and Sonja K. Schoenwald. Social Policy Report: Evidence-Based Interventions for Juvenile Offenders and Juvenile Justice Policies that Support Them. (2011)

David Hulzinga, Rolf Loeber, and Terrence P. Thornberry. Co-occurrence of Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors. (Nov. 2000)

Eric L. Jensen and Jorgen Jepsen. Juvenile Law Violators, Human Rights, and the Development of New Juvenile Justice Systems. (2006)

Nancy Lucas. Restitution, Rehabilitation, Prevention, and Transformation: Victim-Offender Mediation for First-Time Non-Violent Youthful Offenders. (2001)

Elaine Morley, et. al . Comprehensive Responses to Youth at Risk: Interim Findings From the SafeFutures Initiative. (Nov. 2000)

John Muncie and Barry Goldson. Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice: The Youth Problem. (2009)

National Council on Crime and Delinquency. And Justice For Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of Color in the Justice System. (Jan. 2007)

Sarah E. Redfield and Jason P. Nance. The American Bar Association Joint Task Force on Reversing the School-to-Prison Pipeline Preliminary Report. (Feb. 2016)

Michael Tonry and Anthony N. Doob. Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice: Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives. (2004)

Tom Tso. The Process of Decision-Making in Tribal Courts. (1989)

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and United States Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts. Disproportionate Minority Confinement 2002 Update. (2002)

United States Department of Justice. Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Lesson Learned From Five States. (Dec. 1998)

University of Minnesota Duluth. Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking. (2020)

Lode Walgrave. Restorative Justice and the Law. (2002)

Geoff K. Ward. The Black Child-Savers: Racial Democracy & Juvenile Justice. (2012)

Elmar G.M. Weitekamp and Hans-Jurgen Kerner. Restorative Justice in Context: International practice and directions.. (2003)

Howard Zehr. The Little Book of Restorative Justice. (2002)

Howard Zehr. Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice. (2018)

Mayra E. Alvarez, Jessica Heldman, Sonia Martinez, John Tuell. Building A Brighter Future for Youth with Dual Status: A Policy Roadmap Forward. (Nov. 2018)

The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative. (2020)

Elizabeth Barnett. Consolidated Proceedings for Crossover Youth. (2018)

Shay Bilchik and Judge Michael Nash. Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice, Two Sides of the Same Coin (Part 1). (2008)

Shay Bilchik and Judge Michael Nash. Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice, Two Sides of the Same Coin (Part 2). (2009)

Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. Crossover Youth Practice Model. (2020)

Citizens for Juvenile Justice. Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Leadership Forum. (Dec. 2013)

Citizens for Juvenile Justice. Missed Opportunities: Preventing youth in the child welfare system from entering the juvenile justice system. (Sept. 2015)

Citizens for Juvenile Justice. Unlocking Potential: Addressing the Overuse of Juvenile Detention in Massachusetts. (Mar. 2014)

Massachusetts Rep. Carolyn C. Dykema, Subcommittee Chair; Rep. Michelle Dubois; Rep. Kimberly Ferguson; Rep. Danielle Gregoire; Rep. Jonathan Hecht; Sen. John Keenan. Report of the Subcommittee on Dual-Status Report of the Subcommittee on Dual-Status Youth: Addressing the needs of some of the Commonwealth’s most vulnerable citizens. (July 2017)

Denise Herz, et. al. Addressing the Needs of Multi-System Youth: Strengthening the Connection between Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice. (2013)

Robert Kinscherff, PhD, JD, et al. Promoting Positive Outcomes for Justice-Involved Youth: Implications for Policy, Systems and Practice. (Feb. 2019)

Kate Lowenstein, Citizens for Juvenile Justice. Shutting Down the Trauma to Prison Pipeline: Early, Appropriate Care for Child-Welfare Involved Youth. (2018)

Massachusetts Department of Youth Services. Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative.. (2019)

Hannah McKinney. The Crossover Youth Practice Model. (2019)

Richard A. Mendel. Juvenile Detention Alternative Initiative Progress Report 2014. (2014)

Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Easy Access to Juvenile Populations. (2018)

Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention. Statistical Briefing Book. (2018)

Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps. Hampden County Massachusetts Dual Status Youth Initiative - Site Manual. (June 2013)

The W. Haywood Burns Institute for Justice Fairness & Equity. Unbalanced Youth Justice. National Map: Massachusetts. (2015)

Janet K. Wiig, et al. Guidebook for Juvenile Justice & Child Welfare System Coordination and Integration: A Framework for Improved Outcomes 3rd Edition. (2013)

American Leadership Forum Class XXV. Dismantling the Cradle to Prison Pipeline in Houston and Texas: A Study of Solutions. (2009)

Boston Public Health Commission. The Racial Justice and Health Equity Initiative. (2015)

Children’s Defense Fund. America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline: A Report of the Children’s Defense Fund. (Oct. 2007)

Drug Policy Alliance. The Drug War, Mass Incarceration and Race. (Feb. 2016)

Jennifer L. Doleac. New evidence that access to health care reduces crime. (Jan. 3, 2018)

Jallicia Jolly. Reproductive Control: The Enduring State Violence Against Incarcerated Black Women. (Jun. 14, 2018)

Official Website of The Governor of Massachusetts. Governor Patrick Signs Anti-Shackling Legislation. (May 15, 2014)

National Alliance on Mental Illness. Supporting Schools and Communities in Breaking the Prison Pipeline: A Guide to Emerging and Promising Crisis Intervention Programs for Youth. (Feb. 2009)

Patricia Stoddard-Dare, Christopher A. Mallett & Craig Boitel. Association between mental health disorders and juveniles' detention for a personal crime. (2011)

Treatment Advocacy Center. Massachusetts: An Assessment on the Commonwealth’s Access to Treatment for Persons with Severe Mental Illness. (Oct. 2013)

Peter Wagner. Incarceration is not a solution to mental illness. (Apr. 2000)

Marian Wright Edelman. The Cradle to Prison Pipeline Crisis. (Nov. 2006)

Tom Acitelli. Mass evictions in Boston happening more often as rents boom. (Aug. 28, 2017)

American Civil Liberties Union. Real Time Map From ACLU Uses Boston Police Department Data to Show Racial Disparities In Law Enforcement Persist Since Decriminalization. (Oct. 27, 2016)

Emily Badger. How Redlining’s Racist Effects Lasted for Decades. (Aug. 24, 2017)

Boston Medical Center. Housing instability negatively affects the health of children and caregivers: New research finds one in three low-income renters face housing instability, at greater risk of poor health and other hardships. (Jan. 22, 2018)

Candace Butera. Are We Worried Sick About The Rent?. (Jan. 30, 2018)

Kristen Capps and Kate Rabinowitz. How the Fair Housing Act Failed Black Homeowners. (Apr. 11, 2018)

Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. High Risk Community Incidence Rate Statistics: 2013-2017 Calendar Year Data. (2018)

Children's Defense Fund. America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline: A Report of the Children’s Defense Fund. (Oct. 2007)

Kathleen Conti. ‘Mass displacement is a crisis’: Building clearouts are becoming increasingly common in Boston. (Aug. 24, 2017)

The Department of Housing and Urban Development. Housing,Inclusion, and Public Safety. (2016)

Matthew Desmond and Monica Bell. Housing, Poverty, and the Law. (2015)

Displacement Research & Action Network. Chinatown Displacement Mapping Project.

Eviction Lab. Map & Data. (2018)

Fagan, et al. An Analysis of Race and Ethnicity Patterns in Boston Police Department Field Interrogation, Observation, Frisk, and/or Search Reports. (June 15, 2015)

Felice J. Freyer. Want healthy food? In much of Mass., it’s hard to get. (May 03, 2017)

Greater Boston Legal Services. Housing Impact Advocacy. (2020)

Aziz Z. Huq. The Consequences of Disparate Policing: Evaluating Stop and Frisk as a Modality or Urban Policing. (2017)

Kerman et al. The effects of housing stability on service use among homeless adults with mental illness in a randomized controlled trial of housing first. (2018)

Mayor Martin J. Walsh. Housing A Changing Boston 2030: 2018 Update. (Sept. 2018)

Mayor Martin J. Walsh. Income-Restricted Housing in Boston. (Nov. 2018)

Debah Pager et al. Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records. (Feb. 27, 2013)

Phinney et al. Housing Instability Among Current and Former Welfare Recipients. (May 2007)

Bernadette Rabuy et al. Prisons of Poverty: Uncovering the Pre-incarceration Incomes of the Imprisoned. (July 9, 2015)

Reece, et al. The Geography of Opportunity: Building Communities of Opportunity in Massachusetts. (2009)

Matthew C. Scheider. Commentary: Community Policing and Public Housing Authorities. (2013)

Somers et al. Housing First Reduces Re-offending among Formerly Homeless Adults with Mental Disorders: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. (2013)

Lauren Taylor. Housing and Health: An Overview of The Literature. (June 7, 2019)

United States General Accounting Office. Elementary School Children: Many Change Schools Frequently, Harming Their Education. (1994)

Loic Wacquant. Punishing The Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. (May 22, 2009)

Loic Wacquant. When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh, Sage Journal Punishment & Society. (Jan 1, 2001)

Bruce Western. Punishment and Inequality in America. (2006)

David R. Williams and Chiquita Collins. Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health. (Sept. 2001)

Woodhall-Melnik et al. Establishing stability: Exploring the meaning of ‘home’ for women who have experienced intimate partner violence. (2017)

American Civil Liberties Union. Real Time Map From ACLU Uses Boston Police Department Data to Show Racial Disparities In Law Enforcement Persist Since Decriminalization. (Oct. 27, 2016)

Rachel Anspach. The Foster Care to Prison Pipeline: What It Is and How It Works. (May 25, 2018)

Duan Arnett and Laura Crimaldi. One of the Worst Police Departments in the Country: Reign of Brutality brings a Reckoning in Springfield. (July 25, 2020)

Fagan, et al. An Analysis of Race and Ethnicity Patterns in Boston Police Department Field Interrogation, Observation, Frisk, and/or Search Reports. (June 15, 2015)

Abdallah Fayyad. The Criminalization of Gentrifying Neighborhoods. (Dec. 20, 2017)

Human Rights Project for Girls, Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality. The Sexual Abuse to Prison Pipeline: The Girls’ Story. (2015)

Jallicia Jolly. Reproductive Control: The Enduring State Violence Against Incarcerated Black Women. (June 14, 2018)

Justice Policy Institute. School Resource Officers are a Waste of Resources, Says New Report. (Nov. 15, 2011)

Juvenile Justice Policy and Data Board. Early Impacts of "An Act Relative to Criminal Justice Reform". (Nov. 2019)

Joe Soss and Vesla Weaver. Police Are Our Government: Politics, Political Science, and the Policing of Race-Class Subjugated Communities. (Mar. 15, 2017)

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and United States Attorney's Office District of Massachusetts. Investigation of the Springfield, Massachusetts Police Department's Narcotics Bureau. (July 8, 2020)

Bruce Western. Poverty Police. (Dec. 21, 2017)

American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools?. (Dec. 2008)

Collin Binkley. Mass. Schools Physically Restrained Students 9,000 Times Last School Year. (Feb. 23, 2018)

Boston Public Schools Communication Office. Boston Public Schools at a Glance 2019-2020. (2019)

Boston Public Schools. Rights and Responsibilities: Code of Conduct. (2020)

Boston Student Rights. Alternative Discipline & Restorative Justice. (2020)

Center for Intesectionality and Social Policy Studies. Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected. (2015)

Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. Missed Opportunities: Youth Homelessness in America. (2017)

Greta Columbi & David Osher. Advancing School Discipline Reform. (2015)

Sen. Cynthia S. Creem & Rep. Paul F. Tucker. Emerging Adults in the Massachusetts Criminal Justcie System. (Feb. 26, 2020)

Margaret A. Dalton. Forgotten Children: Rethinking the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Behavior Provisions. (2019)

Leila Fiester. Tilling The Field: Lessons About Philanthropy's Role in School Discipline Reform. (July 21, 2015)

Mishaw N. Inniss-Thompson. Summary of Discipline Data for Girls in U.S. Public Schools: An Analysis from the 2013-14 U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights Data Collection. (Sept. 2017)

Colin Jones. Learning Uninterrupted: Supporting Positive Culture and Behavior in Schools. (Apr. 3, 2017)

Max Larkin. Boston Schools to End Suspension For Youngest Students, Focus on Alternative For All Students. (Nov. 16, 2018)

Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice. Not Measuring Up: The State of School Discipline in Massachusetts. (2014)

Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice. Unfinished Business: Accessing Our Progress on School Discipline Under Massachusetts Chapter 222. (Sept. 2018)

Christopher A. Mallett. The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Children and Adolescents. (Apr. 19, 2016)

Massachusetts Applessed. "I Just Want to Learn": Girls of Color and the School-to-Prison Pipeline in Massachusetts. (Jul. 2022)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Report to rhe Legislature onStudents with Disabilities. (Mar. 2016)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. School and District Profiles, Boston (00350000) 2018-19 Student Discipline Data Report All Offenses. (2019)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. School and District Profiles, Boston (00350000) 2018-19 Student Discipline Days Missed Report All Offenses. (2020)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. School and District Profiles, Boston (00350000) 2018-19 Student Discipline Days Missed Report Non-drug, non-violent or non-criminal-related offense. (2019)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. School and District Profiles, Roxbury Preparatory Charter School (04840505) 2018-19 Student Discipline Data Report All Offenses. (2019)

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. School and District Profiles, UP Academy Charter School of Dorchester (34050405) 2018-19 Student Discipline Data Report All Offenses. (2019)

Tom Mela. How We Won School Discipline Reform in Massachusetts. (July 23, 2014)

S. David Mitchell. Zero Tolerance Policies: Criminalizing Childhood and Disenfranchising the Next Generation of Citizens. (2014)

Northeastern University School of Law, Law Office 09, in partnership with Massachusetts Appleseed, Leave Exclusionary Discipline Behind, Not Girls of Color. (April, 2022)

Stephanie M. Poucher. The Road to Prison Is Paved with Bad Evaluations: The Case for Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavioral Intervention Plans. (2015)

Rusell W. Rumberger and Daniel J. Losen. The High Cost of Harsh Discipline. (2016)

Russell J. Skiba, et al. Parsing Disciplinary DIsproportionality: Contributions of Infraction, Student, and School Characteristics to Out-of-School Suspension and Exclusion. (Aug. 2004)

Amir Whitaker, et al. Cops and No Counselors: How the Lack of School Mental Health Staff is Harming Students. (2016)

Jennifer Vorse Wilka. Dismantling the Cradle to Prison Pipeline: Analyzing Zero Tolerance School Discipline Policies and Identifying Strategic Opportunities for Intervention (Part One). (Sept. 2011)

Perry A. Zirkel. State Laws for Functional Behavioral Assessments and Behavior Intervention Plans. (2011)

Kauko Aromaa and Markku Heiskanen. Crime and Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America 1995-2004. (2008)

Eric P. Baumer. Reassessing and Redirecting Research on Race and Sentencing. (2010)

Citizens for Juvenile Justice. School’s Out: Massachusetts Youth in Adult Correctional Systems Denied Education. (Aug. 2022)

Brett E. Garland, Cassia Spohn, and Eric J. Wodahl. Racial Disproportionality in the American Prison Population: Using the Blumstein Method to Address the Critical Race and Justice Issue of the 21 st Century. (2008)

John Gramlich. America's Incarceration rate is at a two-decade low. (May 2018)

Ames Grawert. FBI Crime Numbers for 2017 Show Declines Across the Board. (Sept. 2018)

Institute for Criminal Policy Research. World Prison Brief. (2018)

Marc Mauer and Ryan King. Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration by Race and Ethnicity. (July 2007)

Katharine A. Neill. Explaining Dimensions of State-level Punitiveness in the United States: The Roles of Social, Economic, and Cultural Factors. (2014)

Ashley Nellis. The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. (June 2016)

Population Reference Bureau. U.S. Has World's Highest Incarceration Rate. (Aug. 2012)

Prison Policy Initiative. Massachusetts Profile. (2018)

Wendy Sawyer. Data update: Incarcerated population inching down. (Dec. 2016)

Peter Wagner and Wendy Sawyer. Incarceration Rates Among Founding Nato Countries, States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2018. (2018)

Peter Wagner. Tracking State Prison Growth in 50 States. (May 2014)